Tfl 435 
.F16 
Copy 1 



B 



MENT 
TESTING 



Catalogue No. 379, 



THE FAIRBANKS CO. 

NEW YORK. 



CATALOGUE No. 379 



CEMENT TESTING 



THE FAIRBANKS CO. 

NEW YORK 






1904 



II. 




LIBRARY of CONGRESS 

Two Copies Received 

JUN 10 1904 

Copyright Entry 

CLASS Ji XXe. Na 

COPY B 



COPYRIGHTED 1904 
BY 

THE FAIRBANKS CO. 



• •• ' • • • • > • • » • 

• • « • • ••» • ••• ••• • • * 

• * \ ' '*. ! "• "• J • • • • " '• . I •" *; 



BLUMENBERG PRESS, NEW VORK. 



PREFACE. 



It has -been our aim in preparing the following pages to give 
a few practical suggestions as to the methods of operating the 
various appliances sold by us for cement testing. 

We have written for those who have not had the advantage of 



-&' 



a technical education rather than for the engineer. 

Every engineer possesses strong views on this subject; views 
which differ so widely as to thoroughly confuse the layman. It 
is to prevent this confusion that we have prepared this treatise, 
The opinions expressed are those arrived at after impartial con- 
sideration of written and orally expressed views of a number of 
cement experts. 

The unprecedented demand for the implements described 
hereafter, and for information as to their use and operation, is our 
excuse for this publication. 

Any suggestions or criticism which will tend to improve the 
methods of testing cement or the construction of the appliances 
will be gratefully received, and, so far as possible, acted upon. 

Our thanks are due to Cement for much valuable infor- 
mation. 

THE FAIRBANKS CO. 



New York, June i, 1904. 



The following has been inserted by request ; many of 

us use the terms with some doubt as to 

their meaning: 



Portland Cement (named from its resemblance in color to 
Portland Stone) is an artificial cement, manufactured from select- 
ed materials, commonly limestone and clay, with other materials, 
which vary with each brand. 

Rosendale, Natural or Roman Cement is made from a 
limestone more or less impure, or a stone composed of carbonate 
of lime with sand and clay ; calcining fits it for use. Named 
Rosendale from the town in New York where it is largely worked, 
or Roman from a fancied resemblance to Roman mortar. 

Hydraulic Cement. — Any cement which sets or hardens 
under water. 

Neat Cement is cement mixed with water only. 

Concrete. — A mixture of cement, sand, stone or pebbles and 
water. 

Beton — A kind of concrete formed of lime, sand and gravel ; 
is much used as a hydraulic cement in submarine work. 



THE DEVELOPMENT 

OF THE 

CEMENT TESTING MACHINE. 

P7 VERY review of the manufacture of Portland cement begins 
^ ' with Smeaton in connection with the building of the Eddy- 
stone Lighthouse, in 1756. The history of cement testing like- 
wise begins with that able experimenter. Smeaton's methods,, 
which enabled him to obtain the relative hydraulic qualities of 
various mixtures, consisted in simply immersing samples in water 
for a certain period of time, and then subjecting them to a com- 
parative examination. 

Vicat devised an apparatus to obtain the relative degree of 
hardness of cements, resembling somewhat the Vicat needles now 
used to determine the setting time. Vicat allowed a weighted 
needle to fall upon the sample of cement, and by measuring the 
length of penetration obtained the degree of hardness. A com- 
mon practice among builders, in 1825, was to prepare the mortar 
as they intended to use it in the work, and then stick bricks to- 
gether with it, one at a time, projecting horizontally from a walk 
The mortar used in the line containing the greatest number of 
bricks was considered the strongest. 

The next step in the advancement of cement testing occurred 
in 1830, when General Palsey, inspector of the Royal Engineers' 
School, at Chatham, England, began his investigations of hy- 
draulic cements, which led him to devise means of ascertaining 
the strength of the cements he produced. His method consisted 
of sticking two bricks together, and then, by means of a clamp 



fastened to one, he suspended them from a tripod. A clamp was 
also fastened to the lower brick, which carried the weights as 
they were gradually applied. The weight necessary to pull the 
bricks apart was considered as representing the strength of the 
mortar. 

Another test came into use during the construction of the 
Houses of Parliament, in 1843, when the contractors conducted a 
series of comparative tests between Roman and Portland cements, 
which consisted in ascertaining the breaking weights of brick 
beams and cantilevers cemented with Roman and Portland mor- 
tars. 

The result of this test was also the means of greatly ad- 
vancing the reputation of Portland cement. The competition 
between the manufacturers of Roman and Portland cements to 
demonstrate the superiority of their respective products stimu- 
lated the search for improvements in testing methods and ma- 
chines. 

Experiments were made in 1848 with a view of demon- 
strating the advisability of making tests of the crushing strength 
of concrete. The attention of engineers was, however, directed 
toward perfecting the test for tensile strength, and in 1851 cement 
briquettes came into use, and experiments were made at public 
exhibitions showing their great tensile strength. Cement testing 
in a thorough and systematic manner did not become a reality until 
1859, when John Grant, M. I. C. E., devised a testing machine and 
formulated rules governing its operation, and published his views 
concerning the practice of cement testing in general. 

The development of cement testing was now more firmly 
directed toward utilizing the test for tensile strength, and while 
progress was necessarily slow, yet a number of machines ap- 
peared on the market. Henry Faija and Michaelis invented ma- 
chines that bear their names. With the increase in the consump- 



tion of cement and its adoption for use in important works, the 
value of scientific testing became an important and necessary re- 
quirement. It developed that the wide difference in results ob- 
tained from the same sample could be avoided by eliminating, as 
far as possible, the direct control of the operator over the machine 
during the application of the strain. The strain must be applied in 
a uniform manner, subjecting each briquette to like conditions; 
the operation must necessarily be automatic. 

There was also room for improvement in the construction of 
the clips and other parts. Step by step, improvement upon im- 
provement, and, finally, from the crudest methods, through years 
of effort and gradual advancement, the Fairbanks Testing Ma- 
chine came into the field, and its success became at once assured. 
It embodied the principles so long sought for. It became at once 
the standard, and, by reason of the manufacturers' efforts in 
constantly improving their machine, wherever experience in 
manufacture and investigation concerning its operation dictated, 
the Fairbanks Testing Machine has always maintained its posi- 
tion as the standard cement testing machine ; and no better evi- 
dence of this fact, outside of its almost exclusive use, can be 
offered than the Progress Report of the Special Committee on the 
Proper Manipulation of Tests of Cement of the American Society 
of Civil Engineers, in which it states that in answer to question 
59 — "What style of testing machine do you prefer?" — which was 
sent to the members of the Society, sixteen answers indicated a. 
preference for the Fairbanks machine, against three for another 
make and one for still another style ; while two, including one 
German manufacturer, indicated a preference for a third type of 
machine. It is therefore apparent, from these expressed opinions 
of those who are qualified to judge, that the Fairbanks machine 
is unquestionably the standard. — Reprinted from Cement, May, 
1902. 




TESTING MACHINE. FIG. 1 



CEMENT TESTING. 

r I A HE testing of cement is an operation which is open to con- 
siderable variation and discussion. "Personal equation" 
enters into it so largely that it is virtually impossible to obtain 
tests, made by two or more persons, even under practically iden- 
tical conditions, which will show the same results. For this reason 
one should hesitate before rejecting material which is appa- 
rently not up to the standard, unless one has satisfied himself 
that he has complied with all necessary precautions and made 
all proper allowances. 

Cement testing is, after all, somewhat arbitrary and chiefly 
valuable as a means of comparison. First in importance we may 
place the 

Testing Machine. 

This, though the final implement in making tests, may prop- 
erly be treated first. 

To quote a well known authority, "the type, .... in which 
the weight is applied by a stream of shot, which runs from a 
reservoir into a pail suspended at the end of a steelyard arm, 
when the briquette breaks the arm falls, automatically cutting off 
the flow of shot, .... is that officially recognized in Germany 



and France, and is decidedly preferable on account of its greater 
simplicity, smaller bulk and regular application of the weight." 

The Fairbanks machine is of this type, and will be best under- 
stood from the following : 

Directions for Its Use. 

Hang the cup F on the end of the beam D, as shown in the 
illustration (Fig. i). 

See that the poise R is at the zero mark, and balance the beam 
by turning the ball L. 

Fill the hopper B with fine shot (of which a bag is provided 
with each machine). 

Place the briquette in the clamps N, N. 

It is of the utmost importance that the clamps be carefully ad- 
directions justed to the briquette, using great care to place the specimen in 

FOR USING 

such a manner that the four rollers which grip the briquette will 
be parallel ; if this is not done a side strain will be exerted which 
will cause the briquette to break between the jaws of the clamps 
and not at the smallest section. 

Tighten the hand wheel P sufficiently to cause the graduated 
beam D to rise to the stop K. 

Only enough pressure should be exerted to hold the beam 
firmly against the stop ; not enough to transmit any strain to the 
specimen. 

Open the automatic valve J, so as to allow the shot to run 
into the cup F. 

At the point where the spout joins the reservoirs will be 
noticed a small valve, by which the flow of shot may be regu- 
lated. 

10 



Better results will be obtained by allowing the shot to run 
very slowly into the cup. 

When the briquette breaks, the beam D will drop and auto- 
matically close the valve J. 

Certain cements stretch or give to such an extent as to allow 
the beam to strike the valve before the specimen breaks. 

If this should occur, carefully raise the end of the beam with 
one hand until it again touches the stop K ; with the other hand 
gently tighten the hand wheel sufficiently to hold the beam in place, 
and again allow the shot to run. 

Under no circumstances should the wheel be tightened before 
the beam has been lifted against the stop, as such action invari- 
ably causes the specimen to break, rendering an accurate test im- 
possible. 

After the specimen has broken, remove the cup, with its con- 
tents, hanging the counterpoise G in its place. 

Hang the cup F on the hook under the large ball E, and pro- 
ceed to weigh the shot in the regular manner, using the poise R 
on the graduated beam D and the weights H on the counterpoise 
weight G. 

The result will show the number of pounds required to break 
the specimen. 

It has several times come to our notice that many users of 
these machines have been in the habit of applying an arbitrary 
strain by means of the hand wheel, adding this strain to the 
actual result obtained in the proper manner. As one young man 
expressed it : "We apply pressure with the hand wheel equal to 
about four hundred pounds, as the other way is so slow." 

11 



This is so obviously unfair as to need no comment. 

Do not fall into the common error of taking the average of a 
certain number of breaks and calling that average the maximum 
breaking strain. This is manifestly unfair to the cement. 

It is self evident that if all the briquettes could be molded 
under exactly similar conditions, as regards filling and pressure, 
and uniformly adjusted in the clamps, the results would be iden- 
tical. 

These are the points which cause the variations which are so 
common, and until a uniform system can be devised, or the "per- 
sonal equation" eliminated, it is only just to accept the specimens 
which show the highest efficiency, rejecting all which fail to break 
at the smallest section. 

The Fairbanks Cement Tester is constructed upon the same 
principle as a scale, the clamps being hung from levers by hard- 
ened points to reduce the side strain. 

These levers are sealed to a regular multiplication, which 
transmits to the shot cup on the end of the beam its proper pro- 
portion of the strain, the levers and beam being hung by hardened 
steel loops and pivots after the most approved Fairbanks method 
of scale construction. 

There are no springs or hydraulic apparatus, the action being 
automatic and entirely free from jars which would tend to break 
the specimen before its greatest efficiency had been reached. The 
tensile strain is generally accepted as the standard, it being less 
difficult to obtain fair comparisons than by other methods. 

12 



IMPROVED 
CEMENT TESTING MACHINE. 

The illustration on the following page shows the latest 
device for testing cement. By its use a steady tension is ap- 
plied to the briquette until it is broken. 

Owing to the greatly increased tensile strength of cement, we increased 

TENSILE 

think this is the only machine on the market which will make ac- strength. 
curate tests. It is our regular Xo. 3184 Cement Testing Machine, 
equipped with a sub-base containing worm and worm gear con- 
nected to an axis, which is threaded and passes up through the 
base and hand wheel P into a block, and the latter connected to 
the lower clamp. The gear is actuated by the w r orm, the end of 
which is fitted to receive a key crank, passing through the front of 
the sub-base. A hook lever Y on right hand end of sub-base 
serves to disengage the worm from the geai, then the hand wheel 
P may be used for rapid adjustment in returning clamps to posi- 
tion to receive the next briquette after one has been broken. 

The beam is provided with an indicator, which affords a guide 
for keeping it in equilibrium. A supplementary brass weight X is 
provided to attach to the shot bucket, which secures an initial pull 
of ten pounds on briquette when beam is in level position. The 
supplementary weight is never disturbed, except when it is desired 
to test or balance the machine, when it must be taken off. 

In operation, the briquette is placed in the clamps and adjust- 
ment made by hand wheel P until the indicators are in line. By 

13 




IMPROVED 
CEMENT TESTING MACHINE 



it 



means of hook lever Y the worm is now engaged with gear. The 
shot valve is then opened, allowing the shot to run into the bucket. 
The crank is turned with sufficient speed to hold the beam in equi- 
librium until the briquette is broken. The weighing of the shot to 
determine breaking strain on the briquette is the same as described 
on page 13 for the machine without sub-base. 

We are prepared to furnish either our Xo. 3184 or our Xo. 
3176 machine with this attachment, at an additional price of $50.00 
net ; or we are prepared to put this attachment on either of the 
above machines at the same additional cost. 

Testing for Fineness. 

The first operation in cement testing is testing for fineness. testing 

CEMEST FOR 

The percentage scale Xo. 485 (Fig. 2) has on the beam its fineness 
full capacity of 16 ounces by one-half ounce, a second row of 
figures graduating the beam from o to 100 per cent. 




Fig. 2. 

Weigh 16 ounces of cement and pass it through the coarsest 
sieve of set No. 100 (see Appendix) ; then put the cement back 

15 



into the scoop and move the poise on the beam until the scale bal- 
ances. 

The lower row of figures will indicate the percentage of 
residue. 

Repeat this operation with each of the sieves, in order of 
fineness. 

Specifications vary so much that we give the following simply 
as an illustration : ioo per cent, should pass through sieve No. 
101, 90 per cent, through sieve No. 102 and 80 per cent, through 
sieve No. 103. 

The A. S. C. E. recommends that 100 per cent, be able to pass 
through sieve No. 103, which in view of the improved machinery 
is not unreasonable. 

The fineness is very important, as the tensile strength of 
cement is in direct proportion thereto. 

By making several draughts, the No. 485 scale may be used 
in place of the No. 712 scale (Fig. 3). 

Mixing. 

The comparative value of tests made with cement neat or 
that mixed with sand is a much mooted question. The consensus 
of opinion, however, is that the test with sand, prescribed by the 
mixing German Government, viz., three parts of sand to one of cement, i> 
preferable, as it more nearly approaches the condition under which 
cement is used. 

16 



The so called sand is ground quartz, which is sharp and clean, 
and practically uniform in size. 

This should be of such size that ioo per cent, will pass 
through sieve No. 204 of set No. 200 (see Appendix) and be 
caught on the No. 205 sieve ; in other words, mix with the cement 
only the sand which passes through the coarse, but will not pass 
through the fine sieve, discarding the balance. 

This point is very important, for many irregular breaks are 
due to the presence of large pieces of sand. 




Fig. 3. 



The even balance scale No. 712 (Fig. 3) is to be used for 
weighing out larger quantities of both cement and sand after they 
have been sifted. 

The sand and cement should be thoroughly mixed together 
dry, and the entire amount of water added at one time. 

The proportion of water is as follows : For neat Portland, proportion 

OP WATER 

20 per cent. ; for neat natural cement, 25 per cent. ; for 3 parts sand 



to 1 of cement, 10 per cent. 



17 



The graduated measuring glass (Fig. 4) is intended for meas- 
uring the water. 




Fig. 4. 

The mixture should be thoroughly worked with a trowel for 
full five minutes. 

This is the German standard, and is very necessary, especially 
for sand mixtures, as the success of the test depends largely upon 
the thorough mixing of the sand, cement and water. 




GANG MOLDS. 





Fiff. 5. 



NO. 3194. SINGLE MOLD. NO. 3196.-SINGLE MOLD. 

18 



The mixture is now ready for the 

Molds. 

These are of two patterns, each forming the standard bri- 
quette, with a small section of I square inch, No. 3194 being fur- 
nished unless otherwise ordered. The molds are laid on the glass 
plate (Fig. 6), and filled with cement by the small trowel. 

The mixture should be firmly pressed in place, so as to fill briquette 

MOLDS 

everv part of the mold, and struck off even. 



Fig. 6. 

The amount of pressure exerted is a point which causes con- 
siderable of the variation in the results obtained, and is, therefore, 
quite important. 

Many engineers recommend filling the mold with a trifle more 
mortar than required, then placing a piece of wood over the mold 
and striking a few blows with a light mallet. 

The surplus should be cut off with a knife, and the briquette 
smoothed down with the trowel. 

The glass plate should always be used, as an absorbent ma- 
terial will cause the briquettes to dry unevenly. 

As soon as the briquettes have set sufficiently, the molds 
should be carefully removed and the briquettes covered with a 
damp cloth for twenty-four hours. 

19 



At the end of this time they should be immersed in water in 
the galvanized iron pan (Fig. y) and left there until ready to test. 



Fig. 7. 

How to operate the machine has already been shown. 
At least five molds are required, one being furnished with 
each machine. 

The Vicat and Gilmore Needles. 

Both of these are used to obtain the rate of setting of cements. 
vicat The Vicat is used as follows: 

APPARATUS 

The cylindrical rubber mold is filled with a mixture of neat 
cement and water, enough water being used to give a plastic con- 
sistency (the proportions given under the head of "Mixing" should 
be followed). 

The mold is 10 centimeters in diameter and 4 in height, and 
is to be placed on the glass plate which forms part of the apparatus 
(Fig. 8) before filling. 

It will be noticed that the machine is supplied with a plunger 
1 centimeter in diameter, and a needle with a diameter of 1 milli- 
meter, each being provided with a brass disk which fits on the top 

20 



of the piston, the lighter being used with the plunger. In some 
forms of the machine the disk which is used with the plunger 
remains permanently upon the piston, a light disk being placed 
upon this when the needle is to be used. 




Fig;. 8. 



The face of the apparatus bears a scale, graduated in milli- 
meters and fractions of an inch, a double pointer being carried by 
the piston, indicating on the scale the depth of penetration. 

After the mold is filled with the mortar it is placed in the 
apparatus, as shown in the cut (Fig. 8). The plunger is then 
allowed to sink into the cement by the weight of the disk. 

If the plunger penetrates to a point 6 millimeters from the 
bottom the mortar is of the proper consistency. 

21 



The needle is then substituted for the plunger. The time 
when the needle first refuses to sink entirely through the mortar 
is observed and noted as the beginning of setting ; when the needle 
first rests upon the briquette without penetrating, the moment of 
final setting. 
gilmorb The Test Wires or Gilmore Needles (Fig. 9) consist (a) of 

NEEDLES 

a steel needle one-twelfth of an inch in diameter, loaded with a 
weight of one-quarter pound, and (b) of a steel needle one-twenty- 
fourth of an inch in diameter and a weight of 1 pound. 




Fig. 9. 

In use these are held lightly in a vertical position between the 
fingers, the point resting upon the specimen. 

The moment when the coarse needle fails to sink into the 
cement is called the time of initial setting; when the fine needle 
will no longer penetrate, the moment of final setting. 

These needles are also used in connection with the Pat Test. 

22 



The Pat Test. 

This test, which is for checking or cracking, is considered 
by the majority of cement users as of great importance, and is as 
follows : 

Mold on small plates of glass two cakes or pats of neat cement 
2 or 3 inches in diameter and about one-half inch thick in the cen- 
tre, with thin ed^es. 

These should have the consistency of stiff plastic mortar. 

Test these cakes with the Gilmore needles, as above, noting 
carefully and recording the time of setting in minutes, both initial 
and final ; after the final setting cover with wet cloths for twenty- 
four hours ; then expose one to the air and place the other in 
water. 

Examine carefully from day to day for checks or cracks. 

The expansion cracks are radial, and occur at the edge of P0R 

EXPANSION 

the pat. 

These cracks are due to free or imperfectly combined lime, 
which slakes and causes the cement to expand with a force which 
is irresistible. 

This is the dangerous condition, to detect which the test is 
made. 

When too much water is used, irregular shrinkage takes place, 
causing cracks which must not be confounded with those caused 
by expansion. It is to prevent this shrinkage that the pats are 
covered with the wet cloths until perfectly hard. 

The pat which is left in the air is for the color test. 

Good cement, either Portland or natural, should have a uni- F0 * 

COLOR 

form color while drying — yellowish spots indicating a poor quality. 

23 



The color in air indicates the quality much more surely than 
when in water. 

Trowels. 




Fig. 10. 

trowels The large trowel is for mixing the mortar ; the small trowel 

for placing it in the molds. 

Many persons prefer a spatula (a broad flat knife, straight 
across the end and very stiff) for the last named purpose. 




Sampler. 



Fig. 11. 



sampler For obtaining samples of cement from the center of the bar- 

rel ; the point being an auger, enabling one to bore through the 
staves. 



Sample Cans, 




Ficr, 12. 



sample These have tightly fitting covers and are to contain samples. 

CANS 



of various cements tested. 



24 



APPENDIX. 



Prices of the articles described and illustrated in the fore- 
going : 

Testing- Machines f 3182. • • • 600 lbs. Size 12 X 24 in. $85.00 

< 

(Fig. 1) I 3184.... 1,000 " " 12X24 " 110.00 

Testing Machine, 3184, Improved Base, 1,000 lbs. 

capacity 160 . 00 

Prices of machines of greater capacity furnished 

upon application. 
Improved base may be fitted to old style machines 
at a net cost of $50. 

f3i94 4.00 

Molds (Fig. 5).. <! 

^3196 4.00 

C Two gang 8 . 00 

Gang Molds . . . . -1 Three gang 12 . 00 

I 

I Four gang 16 . 00 

(Fig. 2) No. 485 Scale 6.00 

(Fig. 3) No. 712 Scale, with brass weights 6.00 

(Fig. 4) Measuring Glass, 16 oz 1.00 

(Fig. 6) Glass Plate (ground), 24 in. X 24 in 8.00 

(Fig. 7) Galvanized Iron Pan, 24 in. X 24 in. X 3 in. . . . 2.00 

(Fig. 8) Vicat Apparatus 30.00 

Special Vicat Apparatus 35 . 00 

(Fig. 9) Gilmore Needles or Test Wires 5.00 

f Large 1.00 

(Fig. 10) Trowels { 

* I Small 75 

( Fig. 1 1 ) Sampler 7 . 50 

(Fig. 12) Sample cans, per dozen 1.00 

Keg A. S. C. E. Sand, about 125 lbs 4 . 75 

Barrel A. S. C. E. Sand, about 350 lbs 10.50 

25 




SIEVES. 



Order Sieves by number, stat- 
ing (if Sets are ordered) 
whether brass or tin 
frames are desired. 



SET No. 100— CEMENT TEST SIEVES 

Each Set comprising the following : 




With Tin 


With Brass 


NO. Of 


No. of 


Stubbs' 


Diameter 




Frames. 


Frames. 


Meshes to 


Meshes to 


Wire 


in 


Prices. 


No. 


No. 


the Inch. 


Sq. Inch. 


Gauge. 


Inches. 


Each. Per Set. 


101 




50 


2,500 


35 


6 


$2,001 


102 




74 


5,476 


37 


6#. 


2.50 I §7.25 


103 




100 


10,000 


40 


7 


2.75 J 




ill 


50 


2,500 


35 


6 


2.25) 




112 


74 


5,476 


37 


6^ 


2.75 I 8.00 




113 


100 


10,000 


40 


7 


3.00 J 



SET No. 200-SAND TEST SIEVES. 

Bach Set comprising the following : 



With Tin 

Frames. 

No. 



204 

205 



With Brass 

Frames. 

No. 



214 
215 



No. of 
Meshes to 
the Inch. 



20 
30 
20 
30 



No. of 


Stubbs' 


Diameter 


Meshes to 


Wire 


in 


Sq. Inch. 


Gauge 


Inches. 


400 


28 


7* 


900 


31 


8 


400 


28 


^% 


900 


31 


8 



Prices. 
Each. Per Set. 



$2 25 
2.75 
2.50 
3.00 



§5.00 
5.50 



SET No. 300-CEMENT TEST SIEVES. 

WITH LID AND BOTTOM. 

Each Set comprising the following : 



With Tin 

Frames. 

No. 


With Brass 

Frames. 

No. 


No. of 
Meshes to 
the Inch, 


No. of 
Meshes to 
Sq. Inch. 

2,500 

5,476 

10,000 


Stubbs' 

Wire 

Gauge. 


Diameter 

in 
Inches. 


Price Per Set. 


.... 


301 
302 

303 


50 

74 

100 


35 

37 

40 


6 
6 
6 


[ $11.00 



SET No. 400-SAND TEST SIEVES. 

WITH LID AND BOTTOM. 

Each Set comprising the following : 



With Tia 

Frames. 

No. 


With Brass 

Frames. 

No. 


No of 
Meshes to 
the Inch. 


No. of 
Meshes to 
Sq. Inch. 


Stubbs' 

Wire 
Gauge. 


Diameter 

in 
Inches. 


Price Per Set. 




401 
402 


20 
30 


400 
900 


28 
31 


8 
8 


[■ $8.00 



26 



SPECIAL SCALE 



TO ASCERTAIN THE FINENESS OF CEMENT. 




This Scale will weigh one pound to ten-thousandths of a pound 

avoirdupois. 



Price, 



$13.00 



7,000 grains equal one pound avoirdupois. 

One ten-thousandth of a pound equals 7-10 of a grain. 



156i " 


< " " i 

4 


of an ounce 


312^ " 


t a It X 
2 


n a 


468| " 


i tt "3 
4 


n a 


625 " 


" 1 


ounce. 


2,500 " 


i .. it i 

4 


of a pound 


5,000 " 


i 


a a 


7,500 " 


i <• " 3 
4 


.< 



27 



JUN 10 1904 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



019 418 560 1 ** 



The Fairbanks Co. 




;-±:1I 




t, 



w York, N. Y., Broome and El 
Baltimore, Md., 3 1 4 North Str 
New Orleans, La., 6 1 0-6 1 2 Cana 
Buffalo, N. Y., 210-212 Main 
Syracuse, N. Y., 251-253 West Fa 
Albany, N. Y., 364-366 Broadw 

Philadelphia, Pa., 70 1 -705 Arch Str 
Pittsburgh, Pa., 3 1 6-3 1 8 Second Avenue 
Boston, Mass., 38-44 Pearl Street 
Montreal, Canada, 747-749 Craig Street 
Toronto, Canada, 1 24 Bay Street 
Winnipeg, Man., Bannatyne and Arthur Sts. 
Vancouver, B. C, Hastings Street 
London, England, 78-80 City Road, E. C. 




